Linux Commands

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Archive files

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tar -cvf archive_name.tar file1.txt file2.txt file3.log

Explanation:

  • tar: The command used for creating and extracting archive files.
  • -c: Creates a new archive.
  • -v: Enables verbose mode, displaying the files being added to the archive.
  • -f: Specifies the filename of the archive.
  • archive_name.tar: The name of the tarball you want to create. Replace archive_name with your desired name for the archive file.
  • file1.txt, file2.txt, file3.log: These are the files to be archived. Replace these with the actual filenames you want to include in the archive.

Result:

This command will create a .tar archive named archive_name.tar containing the specified files (file1.txt, file2.txt, file3.log). The files will be archived in the current working directory unless full paths are provided.

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Create a symbolic link

Price range: €16.62 through €20.06

Command:

bash
ln -s /path/to/source /path/to/destination

Explanation:

  • ln: The command used to create links between files or directories.
  • -s: This option creates a symbolic (or soft) link. A symbolic link points to the original file or directory and can span across filesystems.
  • /path/to/source: The source file or directory you want to link to. Replace this with the full path of the file or directory you want to create a symbolic link for.
  • /path/to/destination: The location where you want the symbolic link to be created. This can be a file or directory where you want to access the source via the symbolic link.

Result:

This command creates a symbolic link at the destination path that points to the source file or directory. The symbolic link behaves like a shortcut, allowing you to reference the source file or directory using the destination path.

Example:

To create a symbolic link named config_link that points to /etc/config/config_file in the current directory, you would use:

bash
ln -s /etc/config/config_file config_link
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Extract files from an archive

Price range: €12.04 through €14.22

Command:

bash
tar -xvf archive_name.tar

Explanation:

  • tar: The command used for creating and extracting archive files.
  • -x: Extracts the contents of the archive.
  • -v: Verbose mode, which lists the files being extracted.
  • -f: Specifies the filename of the archive.
  • archive_name.tar: The name of the archive file from which you want to extract the contents. Replace archive_name with the actual name of your archive file (e.g., my_archive.tar).

Result:

This command will extract the contents of archive_name.tar into the current directory, displaying the list of files being extracted. If you wish to extract the contents to a specific directory, you can add the -C option followed by the directory path:

bash
tar -xvf archive_name.tar -C /path/to/destination/

This will extract the files into the specified directory (/path/to/destination/).

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Restart a service

Price range: €15.12 through €19.12

Command:

bash
sudo systemctl restart {service_name}

Explanation:

  • sudo: Runs the command with superuser privileges, which is typically required to manage system services.
  • systemctl: The system and service manager in modern Linux distributions (e.g., CentOS, Ubuntu) that controls system services.
  • restart: Tells systemctl to stop and then start the specified service, effectively restarting it.
  • {service_name}: The name of the service you want to restart (e.g., nginx, apache2, ssh).

Example:

To restart the nginx service, the command would be:

bash
sudo systemctl restart nginx

Result:

This command will restart the nginx service, stopping it and then starting it again. Any changes made to the service configuration will be applied after the restart.

Additional Notes:

  • To check the status of a service after restarting, you can use:
    bash
    sudo systemctl status {service_name}

    For example:

    bash
    sudo systemctl status nginx
  • If you want to reload the service without completely restarting it (for example, to apply configuration changes), you can use:
    bash
    sudo systemctl reload {service_name}
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Unmount a filesystem

Price range: €15.11 through €19.85

Command:

bash
sudo umount /path/to/mount_point

Explanation:

  • sudo: Runs the command with superuser privileges, as unmounting a filesystem typically requires root access.
  • umount: The command used to unmount a filesystem from a mount point.
  • /path/to/mount_point: The directory where the filesystem is currently mounted. Replace this with the actual path of the mount point you wish to unmount (e.g., /mnt/data, /media/usb).

Example:

To unmount the filesystem that is mounted at /mnt/data, you would use the following command:

bash
sudo umount /mnt/data

Result:

This command will unmount the filesystem from /mnt/data, making the data no longer accessible at that location until it is mounted again.

Additional Notes:

  • If the mount point is in use (e.g., a file within the filesystem is open or in use), you may receive a “device is busy” error. In such cases, you can use the lsof or fuser commands to check which processes are using the mount point:
    bash
    lsof /mnt/data

    or

    bash
    fuser -m /mnt/data
  • To force the unmounting (use cautiously), you can add the -f flag:
    bash
    sudo umount -f /mnt/data
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View the content of a file

Price range: €16.84 through €19.19

Command:

bash
cat filename

Explanation:

  • cat: The command used to display the contents of a file.
  • filename: The name of the file whose contents you want to view. Replace filename with the actual name of the file (e.g., document.txt, logfile.log).

Result:

This command will output the entire content of the specified file to the terminal. If the file is large and you want to scroll through the content, you can use the less or more commands:

bash
less filename

or

bash
more filename
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