General Guidelines

1. Font and Formatting
   • Use a legible font such as Times New Roman, 12-point size.
   • Double-space all text, including references.
   • Use a hanging indent for each reference entry, where the first line is flush left, and subsequent lines are indented.
2. In-text Citations
   • Include the author’s last name and the year of publication, separated by a comma.
   • For direct quotes, include the page number as well.
   • Example: (Smith, 2020, p. 45)
3. Reference List
   • Title the reference list References (centered, bold).
   • Arrange entries alphabetically by the author’s last name.
   • Use sentence case for article and chapter titles, but italicize book and journal titles.

Examples by Source Type

1. Book

• Format:
  Author, A. A. (Year). Title of the book. Publisher.
• Example:
  Smith, J. (2020). Understanding human behavior. Academic Press.

2. Journal Article

• Format:
  Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of the article. Title of the Journal, Volume(Issue), Page range. https://doi.org/xxxxx
• Example:
  Brown, R., & Green, T. (2018). The impact of climate change. Environmental Research, 34(2), 123-145. https://doi.org/10.1234/envres.2018.001

3. Website

• Format:
  Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of the webpage. Website Name. URL
• Example:
  Johnson, K. (2021, July 15). The future of renewable energy. Energy Insights. https://www.energyinsights.com/future-renewables

4. Chapter in an Edited Book

• Format:
  Author, A. A. (Year). Title of the chapter. In E. E. Editor & F. F. Editor (Eds.), Title of the book (pp. Page range). Publisher.
• Example:
  Lopez, M. (2019). Advances in biotechnology. In S. Patel (Ed.), Modern biology (pp. 45-78). Science Publishers.

5. Online News Article

• Format:
  Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of the article. Title of the News Website. URL
• Example:
  White, P. (2022, March 10). Economic trends in 2022. Global News Network. https://www.gnn.com/economic-trends-2022

In-text Citation Variations

1. One Author
   • Format: (Last name, Year)
   • Example: (Taylor, 2021)
2. Two Authors
   • Format: (Last name & Last name, Year)
   • Example: (Jones & Carter, 2020)
3. Three or More Authors
   • Format: (Last name et al., Year)
   • Example: (Kim et al., 2019)
4. No Author
   • Use the title of the work in italics for books and reports, or quotation marks for articles.
   • Example: (Renewable Energy Solutions, 2021)

Best Practices

• Always verify the citation style with the latest APA Manual (currently the 7th Edition).
• Ensure accuracy in spelling, dates, and formatting.
• Utilize reference management tools like Zotero, EndNote, or Mendeley to streamline the citation process.